Python Math Module

1 year ago

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The math module in Python provides access to various mathematical functions, constants, and operations. These functions typically operate on floats or integers.

Importing the `math` Module

import math

Commonly Used Functions in `math`

Basic Mathematical Functions:
- math.sqrt(x): Returns the square root of x.
```
print(math.sqrt(16))  # Output: 4.0
```
- math.pow(x, y): Returns x raised to the power of y (x^y).
```
print(math.pow(2, 3))  # Output: 8.0
```
- math.exp(x): Returns e raised to the power of x (e^x).
```
print(math.exp(1))  # Output: 2.718281828459045 (value of e)
```
- math.log(x, base): Returns the logarithm of x to the specified base. If no base is given, it returns the natural logarithm (base e).
```
print(math.log(10))         # Output: 2.302585092994046 (natural log)
print(math.log(100, 10))    # Output: 2.0 (log base 10)
```
- math.log10(x): Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.
```
print(math.log10(1000))  # Output: 3.0
```
- math.log2(x): Returns the base-2 logarithm of x.
```
print(math.log2(8))  # Output: 3.0
```
Trigonometric Functions:
- math.sin(x): Returns the sine of x radians.
```
print(math.sin(math.pi / 2))  # Output: 1.0
```
- math.cos(x): Returns the cosine of x radians.
```
print(math.cos(math.pi))  # Output: -1.0
```
- math.tan(x): Returns the tangent of x radians.
```
print(math.tan(math.pi / 4))  # Output: 1.0
```
- math.asin(x): Returns the arc sine (inverse sine) of x.
```
print(math.asin(1))  # Output: 1.5707963267948966 (pi/2)
```
- math.acos(x): Returns the arc cosine (inverse cosine) of x.
```
print(math.acos(-1))  # Output: 3.141592653589793 (pi)
```
- math.atan(x): Returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of x.
```
print(math.atan(1))  # Output: 0.7853981633974483 (pi/4)
```
Hyperbolic Functions:
- math.sinh(x): Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.
```
print(math.sinh(1))  # Output: 1.1752011936438014
```
- math.cosh(x): Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.
```
print(math.cosh(1))  # Output: 1.5430806348152437
```
- math.tanh(x): Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.
```
print(math.tanh(1))  # Output: 0.7615941559557649
```
Rounding and Remainder Functions:
- math.ceil(x): Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
```
print(math.ceil(4.3))  # Output: 5
```
- math.floor(x): Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x.
```
print(math.floor(4.8))  # Output: 4
```
- math.trunc(x): Truncates the decimal part of x, returning the integer part only.
```
print(math.trunc(4.9))  # Output: 4
```
- math.fmod(x, y): Returns the remainder of x divided by y.
```
print(math.fmod(17, 5))  # Output: 2.0
```
Factorial and Combinatorics:
- math.factorial(x): Returns the factorial of x (x!).
```
print(math.factorial(5))  # Output: 120
```
- math.comb(n, k): Returns the number of ways to choose k items from n without repetition and without order.
```
print(math.comb(5, 3))  # Output: 10
```
- math.perm(n, k): Returns the number of ways to choose k items from n without repetition but with order.
```
print(math.perm(5, 3))  # Output: 60
```
Special Functions:
- math.gcd(a, b): Returns the greatest common divisor of a and b.
```
print(math.gcd(8, 12))  # Output: 4
```
- math.isqrt(x): Returns the integer square root of x.
```
print(math.isqrt(16))  # Output: 4
```
- math.lcm(a, b): Returns the least common multiple of a and b.
```
print(math.lcm(8, 12))  # Output: 24
```
Constants:
- math.pi: The mathematical constant pi (π), approximately 3.14159.
```
print(math.pi)  # Output: 3.141592653589793
```
- math.e: The mathematical constant e, approximately 2.71828.
```
print(math.e)  # Output: 2.718281828459045
```
- math.tau: The constant τ, which is 2π (approximately 6.28318).
```
print(math.tau)  # Output: 6.283185307179586
```
- math.inf: Represents positive infinity.
```
print(math.inf)  # Output: inf
```
- math.nan: Represents “Not a Number” (NaN).
```
print(math.nan)  # Output: nan
```

Example Usage:

import math

# Square root
print(math.sqrt(25))  # Output: 5.0

# Trigonometric functions
angle = math.pi / 4
print(math.sin(angle))  # Output: 0.7071067811865475
print(math.cos(angle))  # Output: 0.7071067811865476

# Logarithm
print(math.log(100, 10))  # Output: 2.0

# Factorial
print(math.factorial(5))  # Output: 120

# Greatest Common Divisor
print(math.gcd(48, 18))  # Output: 6

The math module is highly useful for various mathematical computations, especially when working with floating-point numbers, logarithms, trigonometric functions, and special functions like factorial and GCD.

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Importing the math Module

Commonly Used Functions in math

Example Usage:

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Importing the `math` Module

Commonly Used Functions in `math`